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gps location system |
ipaq gps navigationThe GPS or Global Positioning System is a global navigation system used for military and civilian applications alike.
GPS allows the military to accurately target its missile arsenal, largely composed of cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. This was born out by the use of SOFLAM (Special Operations Forces Laser Acquisition Markers) targeting during the attacks on Tora Bora in Afghanistan. It also improves the accuracy of the US submarine launched ballistic missiles by providing precise locational information to the submarine commanders. Finally, command and control over troops is improved because commanders know precisely where their troops and the enemy are located on the battlefield. Commercial civilian GPS receivers are purposefully less accurate than they might be. In specific, they are required to have limits on the velocities and altitudes at which they will report coordinates in order to prevent them from being used to create improvised missiles. When it was first deployed, GPS included a feature called Selective Availability (or SA) that introduced intentional errors of up to a hundred meters into the publicly available navigation signals, making it difficult to use for guiding long range missiles to precise targets. Additional accuracy was available in the signal, but in an encrypted form that was only available to the United States military, its allies and a few others, mostly government users. GPS receivers calculate their current position (latitude, longitude, elevation), and the precise time, using the process of trilateration after measuring the distance to at least four satellites by comparing the satellites' coded time signal transmissions. Hand-held GPS units are often used by hikers and mountain climbers to plot their courses and to accurately reflect exactly where they are. The author once used GPS to organize a helicopter evacuation of an injured motorcycle rider in a remote region of the La Sal mountains in Utah. A reading was taken, coordinates given, and the pilot was able to find us with ease. The GPS system uses a satellite constellation of 24 satellites in intermediate circular orbits. The orbits are designed so at least four satellites are always within line of sight from almost any place on earth. The constellation also includes three spare satellites in orbit. Each satellite repeatedly re-broadcasts the exact time according to its internal atomic clock along with a digital data packet that includes the satellite's precise position, satellite status messages, and an almanac of the approximate position of every other active GPS satellite. The almanac lets GPS receivers use data from the strongest satellite signal to locate other satellites. GPS has become a vital global utility, indispensable for modern navigation on land, sea, and air around the world, as well as an important tool for map-making, and land surveying. GPS also provides an extremely precise time reference, required for telecommunications and some scientific research, including the study of earthquakes. During the Gulf War, the shortage of military GPS units and the wide availability of civilian ones among personnel resulted in disabling the Selective Availability. In the 1990s the FAA started pressuring the military to turn off SA permanently. This would save the FAA millions of dollars every year in maintenance of their own, less accurate, radio navigation systems. The military resisted for most of the 1990s, but SA was eventually turned off in 2000 following an announcement by then US President Bill Clinton, allowing all users to enjoy nearly the same level of access. Selective Availablity typically added signal errors of up to about 10 m horizontally and 30 m vertically. The inaccuracy of the civilian signal was deliberately encoded so as not to change very quickly, for instance the entire eastern US area might read 30 m off, but 30 m off everywhere and in the same direction. In order to improve the usefulness of GPS for civilian navigation, Differential GPS was used by many civilian GPS receivers to greatly improve accuracy. GPS signals can also be affected by multipath reflections of the radio signals off the ground and/or surrounding structures (buildings, canyon walls, etc). For long delay multipath signals, the receiver itself can filter the signals out. A variety of receiver techniques, most notably Narrow Correlator spacing, have been developed to mitigate multipath errors. Most ships and airplanes are equipped with GPS systems so that they can accurately plot on a map where they are. In planes, this is especially useful during bad weather, and in ships in knowing where shallow water and other sunken obstacles may lie.
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