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magellen handheld gps unitThe GPS or Global Positioning System is a global navigation system used for military and civilian applications alike.
GPS was first made available for commercial applications in 1983, after the Soviet Air Force shot down the civilian airliner KAL 007 in restricted Soviet airspace, killing all 269 people on board. One of biggest problems for GPS accuracy is that changing atmospheric conditions change the speed of the GPS signals unpredictably as they pass through the ionosphere. The effect is minimized when the satellite is directly overhead and becomes greater toward the horizon, as the satellite signals must travel through the greater "thickness" of the ionosphere as the angle increases. Once the receiver's rough location is known, an internal mathematical model can be used to estimate and correct for the error. The first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched in February 1978. The GPS satellites were initially manufactured by Rockwell International and now manufactured by Lockheed Martin. During the Gulf War, the shortage of military GPS units and the wide availability of civilian ones among personnel resulted in disabling the Selective Availability. In the 1990s the FAA started pressuring the military to turn off SA permanently. This would save the FAA millions of dollars every year in maintenance of their own, less accurate, radio navigation systems. The military resisted for most of the 1990s, but SA was eventually turned off in 2000 following an announcement by then US President Bill Clinton, allowing all users to enjoy nearly the same level of access. Each satellite repeatedly re-broadcasts the exact time according to its internal atomic clock along with a digital data packet that includes the satellite's precise position, satellite status messages, and an almanac of the approximate position of every other active GPS satellite. The almanac lets GPS receivers use data from the strongest satellite signal to locate other satellites. When it was first deployed, GPS included a feature called Selective Availability (or SA) that introduced intentional errors of up to a hundred meters into the publicly available navigation signals, making it difficult to use for guiding long range missiles to precise targets. Additional accuracy was available in the signal, but in an encrypted form that was only available to the United States military, its allies and a few others, mostly government users. In late 2005, the US government introduced the first in a series of new generation GPS staellites offering new capabilities. Chief among these is a second civilian GPS signal called L2C for greater accuracy and reliability. Atomic clocks on the GPS satellites are set to "GPS time", which is the number of seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 6, 1980. UTC is short for Coordinated Universal Time. Today, GPS time is 14 seconds ahead of UTC, because it does not follow leap seconds. That's why new GPS units initially show the incorrect time after achieving a GPS lock for the first time. However, this is usually corrected on the display within 15 minutes once the UTC offset message is received for the first time. Selective Availablity typically added signal errors of up to about 10 m horizontally and 30 m vertically. The inaccuracy of the civilian signal was deliberately encoded so as not to change very quickly, for instance the entire eastern US area might read 30 m off, but 30 m off everywhere and in the same direction. In order to improve the usefulness of GPS for civilian navigation, Differential GPS was used by many civilian GPS receivers to greatly improve accuracy. The United States Department of Defense developed the system, officially named NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging GPS), and the satellites are managed by the 50th Space Wing at Schriever Air Force Base. Although the cost of maintaining the system is significant, GPS is available for free use in civilian and commercial applications. The most recent launch was in September 2005. The oldest GPS satellite still in operation was launched in February 1989. Commercial civilian GPS receivers are purposefully less accurate than they might be. In specific, they are required to have limits on the velocities and altitudes at which they will report coordinates in order to prevent them from being used to create improvised missiles. GPS receivers calculate their current position (latitude, longitude, elevation), and the precise time, using the process of trilateration after measuring the distance to at least four satellites by comparing the satellites' coded time signal transmissions. GPS is coming into common use in cars these days. Most new cars allow you to purchase GPS technology that will help you plot your trip from one location to the next. The author would have loved to have used GPS years ago in college. We had a class where we used maps and compasses. We were given precise coordinates and had to plot a course through woods and streams and swamps to find and sign in at specific latitude and longitude coordinates. Today, this sport, now called "geocaching", is a popular activity, particularly for outdoor hiking enthusiasts.
1. Magellan
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