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The GPS or Global Positioning System is a global navigation system used for military and civilian applications alike.

As a positioning system, GPS allows users to map waypoints, tracking their position on a map to within a few meters of their exact location. Civilian use GPS systems are made by companies such as Magellan, Garmin and Trimble.


In 1985, ten experimental Block-I satellites were up. A complete "constellation" of 24 satellites was in orbit by January 17, 1994.

GPS allows the military to accurately target its missile arsenal, largely composed of cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. This was born out by the use of SOFLAM (Special Operations Forces Laser Acquisition Markers) targeting during the attacks on Tora Bora in Afghanistan. It also improves the accuracy of the US submarine launched ballistic missiles by providing precise locational information to the submarine commanders. Finally, command and control over troops is improved because commanders know precisely where their troops and the enemy are located on the battlefield.

When it was first deployed, GPS included a feature called Selective Availability (or SA) that introduced intentional errors of up to a hundred meters into the publicly available navigation signals, making it difficult to use for guiding long range missiles to precise targets. Additional accuracy was available in the signal, but in an encrypted form that was only available to the United States military, its allies and a few others, mostly government users.

GPS is short for (the) Global Positioning System, a satellite navigation system developed by the US Department of Defense. A fleet of more than two dozen GPS satellites broadcasts precise timing signals to GPS receivers, allowing them to accurately determine location anywhere on Earth. In practice, this means that using a GPS device, you can find out where you are in terms of longitude, latitude and altitude.

During the Gulf War, the shortage of military GPS units and the wide availability of civilian ones among personnel resulted in disabling the Selective Availability. In the 1990s the FAA started pressuring the military to turn off SA permanently. This would save the FAA millions of dollars every year in maintenance of their own, less accurate, radio navigation systems. The military resisted for most of the 1990s, but SA was eventually turned off in 2000 following an announcement by then US President Bill Clinton, allowing all users to enjoy nearly the same level of access.

In late 2005, the US government introduced the first in a series of new generation GPS staellites offering new capabilities. Chief among these is a second civilian GPS signal called L2C for greater accuracy and reliability.

One of biggest problems for GPS accuracy is that changing atmospheric conditions change the speed of the GPS signals unpredictably as they pass through the ionosphere. The effect is minimized when the satellite is directly overhead and becomes greater toward the horizon, as the satellite signals must travel through the greater "thickness" of the ionosphere as the angle increases. Once the receiver's rough location is known, an internal mathematical model can be used to estimate and correct for the error.

Hand-held GPS units are often used by hikers and mountain climbers to plot their courses and to accurately reflect exactly where they are. The author once used GPS to organize a helicopter evacuation of an injured motorcycle rider in a remote region of the La Sal mountains in Utah. A reading was taken, coordinates given, and the pilot was able to find us with ease.

The United States Department of Defense developed the system, officially named NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging GPS), and the satellites are managed by the 50th Space Wing at Schriever Air Force Base. Although the cost of maintaining the system is significant, GPS is available for free use in civilian and commercial applications.

In 1998, Vice President Al Gore announced plans to upgrade GPS with two new civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to aviation safety.

Selective Availablity typically added signal errors of up to about 10 m horizontally and 30 m vertically. The inaccuracy of the civilian signal was deliberately encoded so as not to change very quickly, for instance the entire eastern US area might read 30 m off, but 30 m off everywhere and in the same direction. In order to improve the usefulness of GPS for civilian navigation, Differential GPS was used by many civilian GPS receivers to greatly improve accuracy.

More accurate GPS receivers are used these days in surveying to accurately locate boundaries, structures and so on.

The US military has developed the ability to locally deny GPS (and other navigation services) to hostile forces in a specific area of crisis without affecting the rest of the world or its own military systems. Such Navigation Warfare uses techniques such as local jamming to replace the blunt, world-wide degradation of civilian GPS service that SA represented.



1. Golf GPS Devices: Choosing The Best Distance Measuring Device
Distance measuring devices or GPS devices are becoming a must have item in the golf bag. But which one should you choose?

2. Distance Measuring Devices
Distance Measuring Devices. Callaway uPro. One of the world's foremost equipment ... The GPS unit instantly calculates distance to critical targets, and it can even ...

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The best way to get an accurate measurement in distance is the use of a mileage wheel. ... Are the GPS devices useless for measuring distances on the North Shore? ...

4. Range Finder or GPS unit, which one is the better distance ...
This article examines different distance measuring devices like range finders and GPS units and highlights the pros and cons.

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Distance measuring devices have flooded the market in the last few ... The uPro GPS is so graphically and visually superior to any rangefinder on the market ...

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Choose quality Distance Device Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters at alibaba.com. ... Related Searches: long distance listening device, distance measure device View all ...

7. Trimble - GPS Tutorial
In the case of GPS we're measuring a radio signal so the velocity is going to be the ... Distance to a satellite is determined by measuring how long a radio ...

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... the use of distance-measuring devices - Handheld GPS Products Other Products Accessories golf, gps, gnss, distance, caddy, caddy lite, sureshot, air caddy ...

9. RAC Distance Measuring Instruments
Distance measurements accurate to 1 foot per mile, even at slow ... etc.) along with their distance and GPS coordinates. Unmatched GPS Recording Accuracy ...

10. GolfLogix - Golf GPS - FAQ
The GolfLogix Golf GPS device, powered by Garmin. ... Specifically, decision 14-3/0.5 allows a committee to permit the use of distance measuring devices by Local Rule. ...

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12. OnPar Touchscreen GPS Rangefinder
Most recently, the use of distance-measuring devices has become more widespread. ... The use of a distance-measuring device would constitute a breach of the Rules if: ...

13. The uPro Golf GPS system is the new Callaway Golf distance ...
Callaway today announces the launch (in the UK only) of the revolutionary uPro distance measuring device, the only dedicated golf GPS system that delivers actual hi ...

14. QTT - Nu-Metrics | NiteStar Distance Measuring Instrument
The NiteStar is a Distance Measuring Instrument (DMI) designed to accurately record distances and survey coordinates as you drive.

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Tees2Greens - Golf Instruction, News & Community ... it is being touted as the Apple iPhone of golf GPS technology. The uPro distance measuring device which...

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17. GolfLogix - Golf GPS - Distance System
The GolfLogix Golf GPS device, powered by Garmin. ... Convenient distance is what golfers want. Surveys prove that more than 80% of golfers want GPS on the courses ...

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19. Laser Measuring
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20. GPS devices in PAD patients | theheart.org
GPS device can measure walking capacity in PAD patients. February 8, 2008 | Michael ... The ability of the GPS to monitor speed, distance, altitude, and duration of ...

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For 2006 and beyond, the USGA and the R&A have sanctioned the use of distance measuring devices, including GPS-based systems and laser rangefinders. ...

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The new distance-made-simple GPS handheld debuted at the PGA Merchandise Show carries a suggested retail ... golfers prefer a GPS distance measuring device that quickly ...

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"A segment of recreational golfers prefer a GPS distance measuring device that quickly and easily provides distances to the front, center and back of the green, ...

26. GPS GPR-100E-1VDR
Not surprisingly, more and more runners are relying on devices that measure run data like distance, speed and pace using GPS technology. ...

27. Buying The Right Speed And Distance Device
Buying th right speed and distance device for you can be tricky (and expensive). Here's a guide to the market leaders

28. Measuring Distance :: clan123fitnesschallenge
GPS Device. Many runners purchase a special GPS device which is just slightly larger than a watch and measures not only the distance you have travelled ...

29. Callaway Golf acquires GPS golf device maker uPlay
Callaway Golf Company today announced it has acquired uPlay, a Carlsbad, California-based developer and marketer of uPro, a GPS-enabled distance measurement device ...

30. Golf GPS Device Reviews - How to Choose the Best Golf GPS Device
How should a consumer evaluate a golf GPS device? ... ruling in Decision 14-3/0.5, golf GPS devices that measure distance only (as opposed to other conditions such ...

31. Keson Roadrunner Distance Measuring Device
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32. CenterCup Releases PDA Caddy to Leverage Legalized Golf GPS
As of Jan. 1, 2006, the USGA has now approved GPS distance measuring devices. With CenterCup's newly released PDA Caddy , golfers can now add another ...

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GOLF GPS AND GOLF RANGEFINDER MEASURING DEVICES. One of the most effective ways amateur golfers can improve their game is to invest in a handheld golf GPS device. ...

34. Golf GPS Device Reviews
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