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car device gpsThe GPS or Global Positioning System is a global navigation system used for military and civilian applications alike.
Selective Availablity typically added signal errors of up to about 10 m horizontally and 30 m vertically. The inaccuracy of the civilian signal was deliberately encoded so as not to change very quickly, for instance the entire eastern US area might read 30 m off, but 30 m off everywhere and in the same direction. In order to improve the usefulness of GPS for civilian navigation, Differential GPS was used by many civilian GPS receivers to greatly improve accuracy. GPS is coming into common use in cars these days. Most new cars allow you to purchase GPS technology that will help you plot your trip from one location to the next. GPS allows the military to accurately target its missile arsenal, largely composed of cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. This was born out by the use of SOFLAM (Special Operations Forces Laser Acquisition Markers) targeting during the attacks on Tora Bora in Afghanistan. It also improves the accuracy of the US submarine launched ballistic missiles by providing precise locational information to the submarine commanders. Finally, command and control over troops is improved because commanders know precisely where their troops and the enemy are located on the battlefield. GPS receivers come in a variety of consumer formats, and today can be found in cars, watches, phones boats and planes. Major manufacturers include Trimble, Garmin and Leica, low-end, hand-held consumer units are often available at less than $100 per unit. GPS has become a vital global utility, indispensable for modern navigation on land, sea, and air around the world, as well as an important tool for map-making, and land surveying. GPS also provides an extremely precise time reference, required for telecommunications and some scientific research, including the study of earthquakes. The author would have loved to have used GPS years ago in college. We had a class where we used maps and compasses. We were given precise coordinates and had to plot a course through woods and streams and swamps to find and sign in at specific latitude and longitude coordinates. Today, this sport, now called "geocaching", is a popular activity, particularly for outdoor hiking enthusiasts. Hand-held GPS units are often used by hikers and mountain climbers to plot their courses and to accurately reflect exactly where they are. The author once used GPS to organize a helicopter evacuation of an injured motorcycle rider in a remote region of the La Sal mountains in Utah. A reading was taken, coordinates given, and the pilot was able to find us with ease. GPS signals can also be affected by multipath reflections of the radio signals off the ground and/or surrounding structures (buildings, canyon walls, etc). For long delay multipath signals, the receiver itself can filter the signals out. A variety of receiver techniques, most notably Narrow Correlator spacing, have been developed to mitigate multipath errors. In 1985, ten experimental Block-I satellites were up. A complete "constellation" of 24 satellites was in orbit by January 17, 1994. Each satellite repeatedly re-broadcasts the exact time according to its internal atomic clock along with a digital data packet that includes the satellite's precise position, satellite status messages, and an almanac of the approximate position of every other active GPS satellite. The almanac lets GPS receivers use data from the strongest satellite signal to locate other satellites. In 1998, Vice President Al Gore announced plans to upgrade GPS with two new civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to aviation safety. When it was first deployed, GPS included a feature called Selective Availability (or SA) that introduced intentional errors of up to a hundred meters into the publicly available navigation signals, making it difficult to use for guiding long range missiles to precise targets. Additional accuracy was available in the signal, but in an encrypted form that was only available to the United States military, its allies and a few others, mostly government users. During the Gulf War, the shortage of military GPS units and the wide availability of civilian ones among personnel resulted in disabling the Selective Availability. In the 1990s the FAA started pressuring the military to turn off SA permanently. This would save the FAA millions of dollars every year in maintenance of their own, less accurate, radio navigation systems. The military resisted for most of the 1990s, but SA was eventually turned off in 2000 following an announcement by then US President Bill Clinton, allowing all users to enjoy nearly the same level of access. The most recent launch was in September 2005. The oldest GPS satellite still in operation was launched in February 1989.
1. Best 5 GPS navigation systems - CNET Reviews
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