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garmin handheld gpsThe GPS or Global Positioning System is a global navigation system used for military and civilian applications alike.
GPS was first made available for commercial applications in 1983, after the Soviet Air Force shot down the civilian airliner KAL 007 in restricted Soviet airspace, killing all 269 people on board. In late 2005, the US government introduced the first in a series of new generation GPS staellites offering new capabilities. Chief among these is a second civilian GPS signal called L2C for greater accuracy and reliability. GPS derives in part from its predecssor, the LORAN navigation system. LORAN was designed for ship and airplane navigation in the 1940s for use during World War II. The US military has developed the ability to locally deny GPS (and other navigation services) to hostile forces in a specific area of crisis without affecting the rest of the world or its own military systems. Such Navigation Warfare uses techniques such as local jamming to replace the blunt, world-wide degradation of civilian GPS service that SA represented. The GPS system uses a satellite constellation of 24 satellites in intermediate circular orbits. The orbits are designed so at least four satellites are always within line of sight from almost any place on earth. The constellation also includes three spare satellites in orbit. During the Gulf War, the shortage of military GPS units and the wide availability of civilian ones among personnel resulted in disabling the Selective Availability. In the 1990s the FAA started pressuring the military to turn off SA permanently. This would save the FAA millions of dollars every year in maintenance of their own, less accurate, radio navigation systems. The military resisted for most of the 1990s, but SA was eventually turned off in 2000 following an announcement by then US President Bill Clinton, allowing all users to enjoy nearly the same level of access. Hand-held GPS units are often used by hikers and mountain climbers to plot their courses and to accurately reflect exactly where they are. The author once used GPS to organize a helicopter evacuation of an injured motorcycle rider in a remote region of the La Sal mountains in Utah. A reading was taken, coordinates given, and the pilot was able to find us with ease. In 1985, ten experimental Block-I satellites were up. A complete "constellation" of 24 satellites was in orbit by January 17, 1994. The most recent launch was in September 2005. The oldest GPS satellite still in operation was launched in February 1989. Commercial civilian GPS receivers are purposefully less accurate than they might be. In specific, they are required to have limits on the velocities and altitudes at which they will report coordinates in order to prevent them from being used to create improvised missiles. GPS is coming into common use in cars these days. Most new cars allow you to purchase GPS technology that will help you plot your trip from one location to the next. One of biggest problems for GPS accuracy is that changing atmospheric conditions change the speed of the GPS signals unpredictably as they pass through the ionosphere. The effect is minimized when the satellite is directly overhead and becomes greater toward the horizon, as the satellite signals must travel through the greater "thickness" of the ionosphere as the angle increases. Once the receiver's rough location is known, an internal mathematical model can be used to estimate and correct for the error. In early years, the US military made the civilian application purposefully less powerful than it could. But since August 2000, the GPS civilian application provides the accuracy of GPS signals to within 2 meters (6 ft). Fact is, GPS accuracy can be improved further, to about 1 cm (half an inch) over short distances, using techniques such as Differential GPS (DGPS). Most ships and airplanes are equipped with GPS systems so that they can accurately plot on a map where they are. In planes, this is especially useful during bad weather, and in ships in knowing where shallow water and other sunken obstacles may lie.
1. On the Trail
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